అర్థం : German pope from 1049 to 1054 whose papacy was the beginning of papal reforms in the 11th century (1002-1054).

అర్థం : (Roman Catholic Church) a French cleric (born in Germany) who founded the Carthusian order in 1084 (1032-1101).

అర్థం : Italian philosopher who used Copernican principles to develop a pantheistic monistic philosophy. Condemned for heresy by the Inquisition and burned at the stake (1548-1600).